Biodegradasi Multi-Parameter Limbah Laundry oleh Konsorsium Mikroba: Tinjauan terhadap Fosfat, BOD, COD, TSS, Minyak dan Lemak, serta Surfaktan Anionik

Abstrak

Laundry wastewater is a complex effluent with high organic and inorganic pollutant loads, mainly from detergents containing surfactants, phosphates, and various additives. High levels of parameters such as COD, BOD, TSS, phosphate, and anionic surfactants (LAS) exceed quality standards and have the potential to cause eutrophication and depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. This literature review aims to analyze the effectiveness of the biodegradation approach using microbial consortia in simultaneously treating multi-parameter laundry wastewater. The review results show that bacterial consortia, particularly from the Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera, are capable of degrading various pollutants through metabolic synergy. This consortium has been proven effective in reducing phosphate (through luxury uptake and enzyme activity), COD/BOD (through the oxidation of organic compounds), anionic surfactants (via the desulfonation pathway), as well as oil, grease, and TSS. The success of the process is highly dependent on optimal conditions such as inoculum dose, contact time, pH, and oxygen availability. Although it offers an environmentally friendly and relatively economical solution, the implementation of full-scale biodegradation faces challenges related to long acclimatization times and sensitivity to operational conditions. Therefore, integration with physical-chemical pre-treatment and process optimization are necessary to develop an effective and sustainable laundry wastewater treatment system.